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Reported speech | examples and exercises

Reported speech | examples and exercises When direct speech is changed into reported speech , with a reporting verb in the past , the verb tense , the pronouns and the time-phrase may all have to be changed to indicate the time shift to the past : • 'We'll be getting married this year,' he said, (direct speech) • He says (that) they'll be getting married this year. (reported speech with a present reporting verb) • He said (that) they would be getting married that year. (reported speech with a past reporting verb) It is usually better style to use more precise reporting verbs than say or tell when turning (usually informal ) direct statements into (usually more formal) reported ones. Examples are: advise, apologise, congratulate, promise, remind. The modals should, would, could, ought and might do not change tense in reported speech, and neither do the second and third conditionals. With a reported second or third conditional, that i...
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The Past tenses examples and exercises

The Past tenses examples and exercises The past simple is used for A-     Completed  spast  action at a known time. The time can be stated or understood: • He bought his car last month.        • She worked there as a teacher. B-     with when, enquiring about past time: • When did you last see her? C-     for habitual past actions and states:  • She always wanted to  be loved . D-     for a definite period of past time: • They spent five years in York.   The past continuous is used for : A-       Continuous past actions sometimes interrupted by the past simple:      • He was just getting into bed when the phone rang. or setting the scene for a story:      • The sun was shining and t...
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IF CONDITIONAL, WISHES AND REGRETS

IF CONDITIONAL, WISHES AND REGRETS The main linking words for conditional clauses are if and unless , but even if , as/so long as, supposing, whether... or, however (+ adjective/determiner), whoever , wherever , whenever , etc., providing/provided (that) , no matter who/how/when etc. can also be used: • If they're short of money, they don't eat out. ( Zero conditional ) Zero conditional structure: If + present simple + present simple • You'll have a tussle with the management if you go ahead with that plan. ( First conditional , possible future action) First conditional structure : If + present simple + will + infinitive Note that if you should go ahead... or should you go ahead... are more formal. • If they had a bigger garden, they could grow their own vegetables. ( Second conditional , hypothetical but possible) Second conditional structure : If + past simple + would + infinitive Similarly: • If you were to join the committee, we'd ...
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